India's Tectonic Plate Boundaries

 

"Volcanos"  WEEK 5  

       

India's has 7 Volcanos but only two are active  

Stratovolcano and Mud Volcanoes 

The first recorded eruption of the volcano dates back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than ten times, with the most recent one being in 2022.^[11] After the first recorded eruption in 1787, further eruptions were recorded in 1789, 1795, 1803–04, and 1852. After nearly one and a half century of dormancy, the island had another eruption in 1991 that lasted six months and caused considerable damage.^[12][13]
The 1991 eruption was particularly harmful to the island's fauna. A team from the Geological Survey of India visited Barren Island on 8–9 April 1993 to assess the impact of the eruption on the distribution, habit, and abundance of animal species. The report found that the eruption had reduced the number of bird species and their population. The team only observed 6 of the 16 known species of birds on the island. The Pied Imperial Pigeon (Ducula bicolor) was the most abundant among the 6 species observed. In a survey conducted at night, the team spotted one rat species (Rattus rattus) and 51 species of insects from eight orders. The report also noted that the volcano was still emitting gas at the time.^[10] There were eruptions in 1994–95 and 2005–07, the latter considered to be linked to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.^[12] A lighthouse that was established in 1993 was destroyed by the recent eruptions.^[14]
A team from the National Institute of Oceanography spotted the volcano erupting on 23 January 2017. Abhay Mudholkar, the head of the team, said, "The volcano is erupting in small episodes of about five to ten minutes. During the day, only ash clouds were observed. However, after sundown, red lava fountains were spewing from the crater into the atmosphere and hot lava flowed streaming down its slopes."^[15][16][17]
Based on argon-argon dating of samples from Barren Island, it is now established that the oldest subaerial lava flows of the volcano are 1.6 million years old and the volcano is located on an oceanic crust which is roughly 106 million years old.^[18] All recorded eruptions lie on the low end of the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The 2017 eruption was recorded as a 2 on the index.^[10]From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Stratovolcano

 Barren Island

 Barren Island is an island located in the Andaman Sea. It is the only confirmed active volcano in South Asia, and the only active volcano along a chain of volcanoes from Sumatra to Myanmar. It is a part of the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and lies about 138 km (86 mi) northeast of the territory's capital, Port Blair.

The first recorded eruption of the volcano dates back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than ten times, with the most recent one being in 2017. The 1991 eruption was particularly harmful to the island's fauna. A team from the Geological Survey of India visited Barren Island on 8–9 April 1993 to assess the impact of the eruption on the distribution, habit, and abundance of animal species. The report found that the eruption had reduced the number of bird species and their population. The team only observed 6 of the 16 known species of birds on the island. The Pied Imperial Pigeon (Ducula bicolor) was the most abundant among the 6 species observed. In a survey conducted at night, the team spotted one rat species (Rattus rattus) and 51 species of insects from eight orders. The report also noted that the volcano was still emitting gas at the time. A team from the National Institute of Oceanography spotted the volcano erupting on 23 January 2017. Abhay Mudholkar, the head of the team, said, "The volcano is erupting in small episodes of about five to ten minutes. During the day, only ash clouds were observed. However, after sundown, red lava fountains were spewing from the crater into the atmosphere and hot lava flowed streaming down its slopes. Based on Argon-argon dating of samples from Barren Island it is now established that the oldest sub-aerial lava flows of the volcano are 1.6 million years old and the volcano is located on an oceanic crust which is roughly 106 million years old.

                 Where Are the Mud Volcanoes?  

Map location of mud volcanos

Baratang - contains the only known examples of mud volcanoes in India. These mud volcanoes have erupted sporadically, with recent eruptions in 2005 believed to have been associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The previous major eruption recorded was on 18 February 2003. The locals call this mud volcano jalki.

A group of mud volcanoes in Gobustan, Azerbaijan

A mud volcano or mud dome is a landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases.^[1][2][3] Several geological processes may cause the formation of mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes are not true igneous volcanoes as they do not produce lava and are not necessarily driven by magmatic activity. Mud volcanoes may range in size from merely 1 or 2 meters high and 1 or 2 meters wide, to 700 meters high and 10 kilometers wide.^[4] Smaller mud exudations are sometimes referred to as mud-pots.

The mud produced by mud volcanoes is mostly formed as hot water, which has been heated deep below the Earth's surface, begins to mix and blend with subterranean mineral deposits, thus creating the mud slurry exudate. This material is then forced upwards through a geological fault or fissure due to local subterranean pressure imbalances. Mud volcanoes are associated with subduction zones and about 1100 have been identified on or near land. The temperature of any given active mud volcano generally remains fairly steady and is much lower than the typical temperatures found in igneous volcanoes. Mud volcano temperatures can range from near 100 °C (212 °F) to occasionally 2 °C (36 °F), some being used as popular "mud baths".^{[citation needed]}
About 86% of the gas released from these structures is methane, with much less carbon dioxide and nitrogen emitted. Ejected materials are most often a slurry of fine solids suspended in water that may contain a mixture of salts, acids and various hydrocarbons.^{[citation needed]}
Possible mud volcanoes have been identified on Mars.^[5]

          IMAGES OF ACTIVE TO EXTINCT VOLCANOS

Name	Elevation		Location		Last eruption	Type
	meters	feet	Coordinates	State
Barren Island	354	1161	12.278°N 93.858°E	Andaman Islands	Active since 2021	Stratovolcano, Active
Narcondam	710	2329	13.43°N 94.28°E	Andaman Islands	1681	Stratovolcano, Dormant
Deccan Plateau	1500	4920	18.51°N 73.43°E	Central India	25 Mya(Million years ago)	Caldera
Baratang Island	532	1745	12.07°N 92.47°E	Andaman Islands	Active since 2003	Mud volcanoes, Active
Dhinodhar Hills	386	1266.4	23.45°N 69.34°E	Gujarat	500 Mya (Million years ago)	Extinct
Dhosi Hill	740	2427	28.06°N 76.03°E	Haryana	750 Mya (Million years ago)	Extinct
Tosham Hills	207	679	28.88°N 75.92°E	Haryana	732 Mya (Million years ago)	Extinct
Loktak Lake	768	2519.04	24.45°N 93.47°E	Manipur	100 Mya (Million years ago)	Supervolcanic caldera, status unknown

BARREN ISLAND

Barren Island is an island located in the Andaman Sea, dominated by Barren Volcano, the only confirmed active volcano in South Asia, and the only active volcano along a chain of volcanoes from Sumatra to Myanmar.
The first recorded eruption of the volcano dates back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted multiple times.

THE DECCAN TRAPS

The Deccan Trapsare a large igneous province located on the Deccan Plateau of west-central India (17°–24°N, 73°–74°E) and are one of the largest volcanic features on Earth. 

The term “trap” has been used in geology since 1785–1795 for such rock formations.
It is derived from the Scandinavian word for stairs (“trappa”) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.

BARATANG ISLAND

Baratang Island  is an island of the Andaman Islands.

It belongs to the North and Middle Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Ranchiwalas Island is another name for Baratang Island.

Baratang contains the only known examples of mud volcanoes in India. These mud volcanoes have erupted sporadically, with recent eruptions in 2005 believed to have been associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

DHINODHAR HILLS

Dinodhar Hills are located near Nani Aral village, in nakhatrana Taluka, Kutch District, Gujarat, in India. Dinodhar Hills a tourist and pilgrimage spot. 
Dhinodhar Hills of kutch is one of the top and most trekking spots in India.
Dinodhar Hill, an inactive volcano rising to an elevation of 386 meters.

DHOSI HILL

Dhosi Hill is an extinct volcano, standing alone in the North-West end of the Aravali mountain range with height varying from about 345 to 470 meters from the surrounding land.

It is part of Aravalli Mountain Range, that belongs to the Precambrian Malani igneous suite of rocks Dhosi Hill is located on the borders of the Haryana and Rajasthan.

The Haryana portion lies in Mahendragarh district to the south, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Narnaul on Singhana Road; the Rajasthan portion lies in Jhunjhunu district to the north.

TOSHAM HILLS

The Tosham hills are located in the Northwest spur of the Alwar region in Haryana and stand at an average elevation of 207 meters.

The rocks exposed in and around Tosham hills are part of subsurface north western spur of Alwar group of Delhi supergroup of Aravalli Mountain Range, belong to the Precambrian Malani igneous suite of rocks.

The main Tusham hill is the second largest hill in the range. It has ancient rock inscriptions and rock paintings, paelo eroded rocky glacial channels and water cascades, and small hilltop lakes.

It is one of the major biodiversity sites in Haryana.

Tosham Hill (map of Haryana)

What volcano has killed the most people?

Mount Tambora Volcanic eruptions

Human death toll                                      Volcano                                        VEI

71,000 to 250,100 plus Mount                Tambora                                         7

36,000 plus                                               Krakatoa                                        6

30,000                                                       Mount Pelee                                   4

23,000                                                       Nevado del Ruiz                             3 

 How many people have died from volcanoes in total?

More than 270,000 people have been killed directly or indirectly by volcanic activity worldwide during the past 500 years. Nearly all of the deaths have been caused by explosive eruptions of composite volcanoes along the boundaries of the Earth's tectonic plates

Volcano Safety Measures   

 

Because of the location of India's volcanos There considered low, but manage to find some input on safety precautions.

https://thinkhazard.org/en/report/115-india/VA

Contacts  India National Disaster Management Authority

•  National Institute of Disaster Management      

India volcanic hazard is classified as low according to the information that is currently available. This means that the selected area is located at less than 50 km from a volcano for which a potentially damaging eruption has been recorded in the past, but over 10,000 years ago. However, the potential for future damaging eruptions cannot be ruled out. Based on this information, the impact of volcanic eruption may be considered in different phases of the project, in particular during project design, implementation and maintenance. Further detailed information should be obtained to adequately account for the level of hazard.

Recommendations

•  EARLY WARNING ACTION: Ensure the project can act on volcanic early warnings. This may involve having a plan in place to mobilize in the event of a warning being received. More information
•  IMPACT: Consider the effect that potentially lethal and destructive volcanic hazards near to the volcano – ballistic projectiles, lava flows, lahars and pyroclastic flows – could have on the planned project. Lahars can impact areas within valleys as far as 100 km from a volcano. Further information should be gained from local volcanic hazard maps, if available. More information
•  REGULATIONS: Check with local authorities for any local regulations concerning volcanic hazards. Ensure that the project conforms to 1) any applicable volcanic hazard land use planning regulations; 2) any existing plans for warning and evacuation; and 3) any national laws, regulations and rules. More information
•  TECHNICAL EXPERTISE: Engage a qualified local or international volcanologist to investigate the volcanic hazards in the project area in more depth. Where possible, establish a relationship with the local volcano observatory/agency. More information
•  IMPACT FAR FROM HAZARD SOURCE: Consider the effects of volcanic ashfall and gases on the project. These hazards are the most far-reaching of the volcanic hazards and can affect areas hundreds or even thousands of kilometers downwind of volcanoes. More information

WORK CITED

The Vanishing Empire: India- A Volcano in Eruption Hardcover – January 1, 1937

by Chaman Lal (Author)

 https://www.geologypage.com/2015/07/mud-volcano.html#ixzz8Dxr3GNFS 

  https://thinkhazard.org/en/report/115-india/VA

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India

 https://volcano.si.edu/volcanolist_countries.cfm?country=India

https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/religious-places/indias-only-active-volcano

https://roundglasssustain.com/photo-stories/barren-island

https://triumphias.com/blog/indias-active-volcano/

https://lotusarise.com/list-of-https://lotusarise.com/list-of-volcanoes-in-india-upsc/volcanoes-in-india-upsc/

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/indias-only-active-volcano-on-the-boil-again-in-andamans/articleshow/66112494.cms